Wednesday, September 19, 2012

Brain growth depends on shapely neurons

The human brain may be the most complex object in the universe, but its construction mostly depends on one thing: the shape of neurons.

Different kinds of neuron are selective about which other neurons they connect to and where they attach. Specific signalling chemicals are thought to be vital in guiding this process.

Henry Markram of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne and colleagues built 3D computer models of the rat somatosensory cortex, each containing a random mix of cell types found in rat brains, but no signalling chemicals. Nevertheless, 74 per cent of the connections ended up in the correct place, merely by allowing the cells to develop into their normal shape.

The results suggest that much of the brain could be mapped without incorporating signalling chemicals. This is good news for neuroscientists struggling to map the brain's dizzying web of connections. "It would otherwise take decades to map each synapse in the brain," says Markram.

The work could also help untangle the causes of conditions like schizophrenia that are thought to be caused by flaws in brain wiring. If Markram's work proves correct, malformed neurons that don't connect up properly could be a factor.

Journal reference: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1202128109

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Monday, September 17, 2012

Attackers at British airfield in Afghanistan wore U.S. uniforms

WASHINGTON (AP) ? Coalition military authorities in Afghanistan say the insurgents who attacked a British airfield in southwestern Afghanistan on Friday, killing two U.S. Marines, wore U.S. Army uniforms and destroyed six Harrier fighter jets.

They said in a statement Saturday that about 15 insurgents carried out the attack, describing the attack as well coordinated by insurgents who were "well equipped, trained and rehearsed." Fourteen of the 15 were killed. One was captured.

They said attackers penetrated the base's perimeter and were armed with automatic rifles, rocket-propelled grenade launchers and suicide vests. Besides destroying six planes, they destroyed three refueling stations on the base and damaged six aircraft hangars.

Coalition authorities have not yet identified the two Marines killed. Eight military members and one civilian contractor were also injured in the assault.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/attackers-afghanistan-wore-us-uniforms-010844344.html

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Wednesday, September 5, 2012

Jurors to begin deliberations at Peterson trial

FILE - This May 7, 2009 file photo provided by the Will County, Ill., Sheriff's office shows former Bolingbrook, Ill., police officer Drew Peterson. Peterson is charged with first-degree murder in the 2004 drowning death of his former wife Kathleen Savio. He has pleaded not guilty. (AP Photo/Will County Sheriff's Office, File)

FILE - This May 7, 2009 file photo provided by the Will County, Ill., Sheriff's office shows former Bolingbrook, Ill., police officer Drew Peterson. Peterson is charged with first-degree murder in the 2004 drowning death of his former wife Kathleen Savio. He has pleaded not guilty. (AP Photo/Will County Sheriff's Office, File)

Members of Drew Peterson's defense team leave the Will County Courthouse, Tuesday, Sept. 4, 2012, in Joliet, Ill. after closing arguments in Peterson's murder trial. Peterson is charged in the 2004 death of his third wife Kathleen Savio. Jurors are expected to begin deliberating tomorrow. (AP Photo/M. Spencer Green)

Joel Brodsky, attorney for former Bolingbrook police officer Drew Peterson, addresses the media upon leaving the Will County Courthouse, Tuesday, Sept. 4, 2012, in Joliet, Ill., after closing arguments in Peterson's murder trial. Peterson is charged in the 2004 death of his third wife Kathleen Savio. Jurors are expected to begin deliberating tomorrow. (AP Photo/M. Spencer Green)

JOLIET, Ill. (AP) ? Now, it's jurors' turn.

After years of speculation, national media attention and more than a month of testimony, allegations that Drew Peterson murdered his third wife are finally expected to go to a jury Wednesday.

The 12 jurors ? seven men and five women ? are scheduled to receive instructions from the judge in the morning, then withdraw to a Joliet courthouse room to begin deliberating over five weeks of circumstantial and hearsay evidence.

Peterson, 58, has pleaded not guilty to first-degree murder in Kathleen Savio's 2004 death. The former Bolingbrook police sergeant fell under scrutiny in Savio's death only after his fourth wife, Stacy Peterson, disappeared in 2007.

Peterson's attorneys said their client has braced himself for jurors' decision.

"He's emotionally and mentally prepared for whatever happens," his lead attorney, Joel Brodsy, told reporters after closing arguments Tuesday.

His lawyers also said they have no inkling what jurors might be thinking or how they might be leaning.

"Of course, we're worried," Joe Lopez, who delivered the closing for the defense, said about the final verdict. "Nobody knows what's going to happen."

Judge Edward Burmila sent jurors home late Tuesday after closings dragged on longer than expected. He reminded jurors not to watch or read anything about the case and told them to get a good night's sleep.

They might need it in a challenging case where there is no physical evidence and where ? for the first time in Illinois history ? a trial relies heavily on hearsay evidence.

During closing arguments Tuesday, prosecutors implored jurors to use common sense in assessing the evidence, while the defense said the state fell far short of proving Peterson killed his third wife.

Prosecutor Chris Koch began his remarks by walking up to the defense table, pointing at the 58-year-old Peterson and declaring in a booming voice, "It is clear this man killed Kathleen Savio."

Savio's body was found in her bathtub ? her hair soaked with blood and a gash on the back of her head. Prosecutors contend Peterson killed the 40-year-old aspiring nurse because he feared a pending divorce settlement would wipe him out financially. The defense contends she died in an accidental slip and fall.

As he spoke, Koch displayed a photograph of a smiling Savio, juxtaposing it with another picture of her bloated corpse jammed into her bathtub.

As he has during most of the six-week trial, Peterson looked on calmly from the defense table, occasionally taking notes or whispering something to his attorneys.

Peterson is suspected but hasn't been charged in Stacy Peterson's disappearance. Prosecutors were barred from mentioning or hinting that she is presumed dead and that her husband is the lone suspect in her disappearance. While outside observers connect Savio's death and Stacy Peterson's disappearance, jurors aren't supposed to factor that Stacy Peterson vanished into their deliberations.

Punching his fist into his palm for emphasis, Koch told jurors Thursday that Drew Peterson broke into his estranged wife's home ? just a few blocks from Drew and Stacy Peterson's house in Bolingbrook ? in the early morning hours before March 1, 2004.

"He went into that house, pushed her down, held her down until she inhaled fluid and drowned," said Koch.

Investigators botched the initial investigation into Savio's death and collected no fingerprints, blood, hair samples or any other physical evidence, leaving prosecutors with a circumstantial case.

Koch went through more than a dozen hearsay statements Savio allegedly made to others before she died and that Stacy Peterson made before she disappeared. Hearsay, or statements not based on the direct knowledge of a witness, isn't usually admissible in court, but Illinois passed a law in 2008, dubbed "Drew's Law," that allows it in rare circumstances.

Koch reminded jurors that one witness testified how Savio had described Drew Peterson saying to her, "I'm going to kill you." Another witness said Peterson told Savio he could employ his police expertise to kill her and make it look like an accident.

Defense attorney Lopez countered in his two-hour closing that the state had presented "garbage evidence" during its five-week presentation of more than 30 witnesses.

"The framers of the Constitution would barf on this evidence," he said.

He said the hearsay was no more credible than water-cooler gossip they might hear around the office.

"How many times are you at work and you hear someone say something about someone ? they're lying!" he said.

Lopez told jurors that when they deliberate, they should hear a voice whispering that Peterson is innocent. Pointing to an American flag by at the judge's bench, he said that presumption was the bedrock of the U.S. justice system.

"You have to find he is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt ? not maybe, not probably," he said.

Lopez frequently doubled back to his central argument: The state hadn't even proven Savio's death was a murder. He conceded statistics indicate fatal slips in bathtubs are one in a million, but that all the evidence suggests that's just what happened to Savio.

"Are you trying to tell me no one has ever slipped in a bathtub before?" he asked. "That's why they sell rubber mats with suction cups on them."

But Koch told jurors it would be impossible for Savio to have received the wound on the back of her head and 14 bruises on the front of her body unless someone had attacked her.

"How can you get (all those wounds) in one fall?" he asked. "You can't."

If convicted, Peterson faces a maximum 60-year prison sentence.

___

Follow Michael Tarm at www.twitter.com/mtarm

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2012-09-05-Drew%20Peterson%20Trial/id-8ddb7577356349e9966ece1982e03924

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